Death animations

When the playable character dies in the Crash Bandicoot series, they do so in rather comical ways. Here is a list of them:

Crash Bandicoot

 * Most Enemies and Hazards - The background goes black and Crash spins around and falls down backward.
 * Pitfalls - Crash falls down the pit with a Hanna-Barbera-styled whistling sound.
 * Water - Crash falls into the water with a splash.
 * Venus Fly Traps - If Crash steps on a green Venus Fly Trap and stays on it too long, it will eat him. The grey-leaved traps eat Crash as soon has he steps on them.
 * Fire/Red Pipe/Steam extractor/electric fence (Cortex Power/The Lab) - Crash turns into ashes, looks at the camera, then disintegrates.
 * Electric Fence/Generators - Crash gets shocked and starts glowing.
 * Beakers and TNT Crates - Blows up Crash, leaving behind his sneakers, eyeballs, and nose.
 * Hog-Riding Hazards - Crash flips over and the hog falls down.
 * Rolling Stone/Boulder/Temple wall/Rolling Barrel - Squashes Crash, who looks up and puts his head back down. (A metallic clunk can be heard when hit by a toxic barrel)
 * Toxic Waste - Crash falls into the waste with a splash.
 * Boss - Same as a basic death where Crash spins and falls back, but in the level's background.

Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back

 * Most Enemies and Hazards - Crash turns into an angel.
 * TNT - Same as Crash 1
 * Nitro Crates - Crash turns into an angel playing a didgeridoo. The Same happens when he collides into a toxic barrel in the Sewer levels.
 * Nitro (While underground) - Headstone (written R.I.P.) pops out of the ground.
 * Fire/red piping/lava pit/Welder Lab Assistant/lava platform- Crash turns into ashes and then disintegrates to the ground.
 * Lumberjack Lab Assistants - Knocks Crash into the ground and then a headstone (written R.I.P.) pops out of the ground.
 * Pitfalls - Crash falls down and hits the bottom, sometimes followed with a thud and his shoes can be seen flying out of the pit and back down again.
 * Shrink Ray - Crash shrinks until he disappears. He can die a second time while shrinking.
 * Crushing Hazard - Crash gets crushed and only his feet and head are visible and he starts waddling in circles. Also, his eyes are depicted as "X"s.
 * In Japanese versions of the game, Crash is completely flattened to the ground. This animation was modified so as to not resemble the work of a serial killer in Japan at the time.
 * Rolling Hazard - Crash gets run over and a rolling hazard stops and shows him flattened.
 * Water - Crash falls in and floats up to the surface on his back.
 * Water (Alternate) - Crash falls in, has trouble holding his breath, struggles his way up, but fails to reach for fresh air, and drowns a second before his body, face-down, finally reaches the top.
 * Man-Eating Plant - If Crash gets too close, the man-eating plant will eat him and swallow him whole.
 * Whirlpool - Crash gets sucked in.
 * Mine - Crash jumps off his jet board and falls into the water.
 * Orca - Crash turns into an angel carrying Polar.
 * Explosives (in Polar levels) - Crash gets blown up, and when his shoes fall into the snow, his underwear falls onto Polar's nose.
 * Tiki (Vertical) - Crash smacks into the totem and falls back onto the ground with Polar staring at him.
 * Tiki (Horizontal) - Crash and Polar trip over a totem which sends Crash flying forwards. He lands in the snow upside down with his legs sticking up and Polar looking at him.
 * Icy Water - Crash falls in and comes out frozen inside an ice cube with Polar sitting on him and yelping. (neighs in prototype)
 * Electric Hazards - Crash gets shocked, revealing his skeleton and underwear.
 * Bee - If a bee touches Crash, he will get stung, jump up in the air in shock, and suddenly start to swell until his head is large.
 * Spitter Plant's Seed - Crash puts his hand on his chest and falls down face-forward.
 * Jet Pack Hazards  - Crash explodes, leaving his jet pack behind.
 * Lava Beam, Lasers, Red Piping (Jetpack) - Crash turns into ashes then disintegrates into the atmosphere.
 * Cortex Escapes - Crash stops moving and Cortex laughs sinisterly, Crash then says "Whoa!" and the battle restarts.

Crash Bandicoot: Warped

 * Most Enemies and Hazards - Crash turns into an angel.
 * TNT - Same as Crash 1 & 2
 * Nitro - Same as Crash 2 (Plays TNT death in Prehistoric and Arabian levels.)
 * Fire Hazards- Crash turns into ashes, then disintegrates.
 * Pitfall - Same as Crash 2.
 * Crushing Hazard (Vertical) - Crash gets crushed and only his feet and head are visible and he starts waddling in circles.
 * Crushing Hazard (Horizontal) - Crash is completely flattened and then wavers to the ground.
 * Electric Hazards - Crash gets shocked and his skeleton and underwear are revealed.
 * Goat - The goat headbutts Crash or kicks him straight up into the air.
 * Frog Kiss - The frog kisses Crash, leaving him on the ground stunned as the frog turns into a prince Lab Assistant.
 * Knight Lab Assistant - Crash jumps to evade the blade, but is cut in half through his waist. His torso will float in the air with Crash's annoyed face and his legs walking away from him. (Plays angel death when ran into)
 * Bandifish- Crash freezes in his current position and the Bandifish eats Crash.
 * Wizard Lab Assistant - Crash is turned into a frog.
 * Giant Lab Assistant - Crash flies into the screen face first then slowly falls down rubbing his face against the camera.
 * Pufferfish - Crash fills up with air, leaving him floating.
 * Moray Eel - The eel grabs and pulls Crash into his cave, eats him, and spits out his underwear.
 * Shark - The shark eats Crash or Coco whole then spits out Crash's scuba gear or Coco's jet ski.
 * Whirlpool - Crash is sucked down into the drain.
 * Mine - Crash is blown up, sending his scuba gear, flippers, and underwear flying off in different directions.
 * Arabian Swordsman Lab Assistant - Crash's pants fall apart, revealing his pink underwear. The swordsman laughs and Crash walks away, covering his underwear.
 * Genie - Crash floats into the air spinning and smiling while the genie traps him into a jar.
 * Monkey - Crash is covered in dust when a monkey hits him, then it laughs at him. (Plays angel death too)
 * Jar Monkey - In the Arabian levels, if Crash bumps into a monkey carrying a stack of jars, most of them will break, but one will fall on Crash and trap him, toppling him over with his feet hanging up.
 * ​Spears - The spears emerge from the ground and poke Crash while standing over them, send him flying to the roof. Crash grips the roof shaking violently and his teeth chattering.
 * Spikes - Crash deflates like a balloon and flies across the screen.
 * Wall Trap - In the Egyptian levels, if Crash approaches the sunlight, the walls will shoot poison darts at him, leaving him paralyzed and causing him to fall forward.
 * Tiny Tiger - Tiny squashes Crash and roars.
 * Lions - If Crash gets too close, the lions will eat, and swallow him whole, but will then smile while Tiny Tiger roars.
 * Future Hazards - If hit by N. Tropy's attacks or the laser traps and drones in Future levels, Crash disintegrates. In N. Tropy's boss battle, Tropy will laugh.
 * UFO Lab Assistant - In the Future-themed levels, if Crash is caught under a Lab Assistant's UFO tractor beam, he'll spin around and get abducted.
 * Asian Hazards - In the Great Wall of China levels, if they collide into the workers or dragon kites, Coco will fly off of Pura, spin her head like she's dizzy, and falls on her back with Pura staring at her.
 * Asian Hazards (Alternate) - In the Great Wall of China levels, if they collide into a cart or wall Pura slams face-first into it as Coco jumps off and gives a disapproving nod.
 * Triceratops - In the prehistoric levels, if caught by the triceratops it will stomp Crash flat.
 * Pterodactyls - In the prehistoric levels, the pterodactyl with grab Crash with its claws and will fly off with him.
 * Lava & Closed spiked shell - In the prehistoric levels, falling in lava will burn Crash's backside and turn him black, he will bounce around screaming in agony until he is out of the lava. Running into a closed spiked shell will burn his backside and make Crash bounce once.
 * Swamp Assistant - In the prehistoric levels, if attacked by the aquatic Lab Assistants they'll drag Crash underwater.
 * Mummy - The mummy grabs Crash and shakes him violently.
 * Sarcophagus - The sarcophagus spins around and crushes Crash flat along with the sound of the mummy growling.
 * Bombs/Nitros in water - Coco's jet ski explodes, leaving her in the water.
 * Cannonballs/Swinging anchor - Coco will be knocked off her jet ski and be flung into the water.
 * Pirate Sailor - Both the pirate's wooden boat and Coco's jet ski will be destroyed, leaving Coco and the pirate stranded in the water. The pirate will whack Coco into the water with his oar.
 * Seagull - If Coco gets too close to a seagull, her jet ski submerges and the seagull starts pecking her and messing up her hair.
 * Biplane- Crash or Coco's biplane falls down while they deploy their parachute to float down.
 * Spaceship - In N. Gin's boss battle, Coco's spaceship falls down to the moon.
 * Water Hazard - Crash falls in, has trouble holding his breath, struggles his way up, but fails to reach for fresh air, and drowns a second before his body, face-down, finally reaches the top.
 * Water Pit - Crash floats to the surface on his back.

Crash Bash

 * Most hazards - The character turns into an angelic orb.

Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

 * Most enemies - The level area turns black when Crash spins around like he's dizzy and falls down, much like the first game. Alternately, Crash turns into an angel, looks surprised, then smiles as he flies off the level.
 * Pitfalls - Crash falls down then his shoes fly out of the pit.
 * Atlasphere Hazards - If Crash falls of a cliff when in the ball, he disappears, the ball shatters into pieces. The same thing happens if he gets hit by a hazard. In Rumble in the Roks, the same thing also happens when Crash runs out of health.
 * Electric Hazards - Crash gets zapped by electrical stuff (H2 Oh No, Cortex Vortex, and space levels) or gets zapped then fades away (underwater levels).
 * Most enemies (Coco) - Coco turns into an angel, then struggles to get down, but flies off the level.
 * Water Hazard - If Crash falls into water, he drowns and floats face-up. If Coco falls into water, she drowns and floats face-down.
 * Most enemies (Coco, Alternate) - The level area turns black as Coco sits in a dizzy way and falls down.
 * Wizard's Attack - Crash is turned into an orange bat and flies away (medieval levels).
 * Swinging Blade - Crash scratches his head confused as his body is sliced in half and his legs walk away (medieval levels).
 * Fire Hazards - (even with Aku Aku) Crash is burned and disintegrates to pieces with a shocked look on his face.
 * Rotating Mace - Crash becomes deflated like a balloon and flies across the screen until he lands on the ground (medieval levels).
 * Nitros, TNTs, and lab assistant attacks - Crash blows up with his eyes and shoes falling down.
 * Cactus or Scorpion - Crash hops on one foot then falls on the floor when attacked by a scorpion or cactus (Gold Rush)
 * Crushing Hazards - Crash gets flattened, then waddles around.
 * Glider - The glider falls down, and upon contact with the ground it explodes.
 * Spinning Fan Hazard - Crash starts getting smaller and disappears eventually (Weathering Heights).
 * Cart Hazard - Crash flips over and falls on the cart.
 * Freezing Water - Crash floats up frozen while his eyes blink (Arctic Antics).
 * Rhinos - Crash and his jeep gets stomped by a stampede of rhinos.
 * Copter Pack - Crash disappears and his copter pack pieces are sent flying.
 * Most enemies (Underwater) - Crash disappears and his swimming gear are left behind.
 * Submarine - Crash and his submarine disappear and the gears fly away.
 * Mech - Crash will explode and the mech falls apart.

Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure, Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced and Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage

 * Most Enemies and Hazards - Crash turns into an angel.
 * Pitfalls - Crash falls down then his shoes fly out of a pit.
 * Fire and Lava - Crash turns into ashes, then disintegrates.
 * Water - Crash drowns.
 * Crushing Hazards - Crash gets squashed.
 * Mine - Crash explodes, leaving his scuba gear behind.
 * Blowgun Lab Assistant -In the Ruins Levels, Crash's pants fall apart, and Crash deflating while undressing his gloves and shoes.
 * Arabian Swordsman - In the Arabian levels, Crash's pants fall apart, and Crash deflating while undressing his gloves and shoes.
 * Shark - In the wakeboarding levels, Crash gets eaten by a shark.
 * Seagulls - In the wakeboarding levels, Crash gets taken away by the seagulls.
 * With Polar - Crash turns into an angel carrying Polar.
 * Jet Pack Enemies and Hazards - Crash and his jetpack falls down.
 * Atlasphere Hazards - Crunch's atlasphere explodes.
 * Sun Enemies and Hazards - Coco dies.
 * Frog - In the sewer levels, Crash turns green and falls down.
 * Pufferfish - In the underwater levels, Crash gets inflated.
 * Planetary Minimizer - In Cortex's boss fight, Crash shrinks until he disappears.

Crash Twinsanity

 * Most Enemies and Hazards - Crash, Cortex or Nina fall down on their backs and die. On a few occasions Crash and Cortex will turn into angels, with Crash playing a harp and Cortex trying to fly but unable to due to his broken wings. Cortex's angel death has a rarer variation, where his wings resemble more like that of a demon and his halo is at the back of his head rather than at the top.
 * Pitfalls - Crash, Cortex, and Nina alone will fall into a hole. When Crash and Cortex fall together, they will be suspended in mid-air for a while before noticing that they're about to fall. Crash starts to flap his hands like a bird while Cortex begins to pray before they finally fall.
 * TNT & Nitro - Crash explodes, leaving behind his eyeballs, left foot, teeth, pants, and shoes. When Cortex explodes he leaves behind his ray gun, eyeballs, teeth, and boots. When Nina explodes it leaves behind her shoes, backpack, and hands.
 * Water - Crash tries swimming to the top for air but drowns in the process, and floats to the surface on his belly once he's dead.
 * Acid, Fire Hazards and Ant Drone attacks - The character(s) freezes in their current action and turn entirely dark grey before they disintegrate into ash.
 * Stealth Scenes - In Totem Hokum, Crash gets spears thrown at him by the tribesmen, and in Classroom Chaos he gets paper airplanes thrown at him.

Crash Tag Team Racing
Note: These animations only happen during MotorWorld gameplay.
 * Pitfalls - The background fades into a black screen as Crash falls off (similar to Crash 1). This even happens in water. May involve Crash's body falling through solid objects that have temporarily moved underwater.
 * Hazards - The background goes black and Crash puts his hand onto his chest and falls down face-forward. This can occur in mid-air, in such a case it still looks like Crash was on land when he died.
 * Die-O-Ramas - A cutscene shows Crash getting killed in different ways.
 * In Races - All cars explode if they lose all health or if they fall into pitfalls.

Crash of the Titans and Crash: Mind Over Mutant

 * Zero Health - When Crash runs out of health, Crash puts his hand to his chest and falls face-forward on the ground. A laugh can then be heard (Uka Uka in Crash of the Titans and Dr. Cortex in Mind Over Mutant).
 * Pitfalls - Crash falls and screams.

Core Deaths

 * Notice: Deaths with an  * (asterisk symbol)  represent character exclusive death animations


 * Most Enemies and Hazards - Crash/Coco turns into an angel. (Not all Coco Deaths are in these games, they are replaced by the angel death instead)
 * Pitfalls - As Crash, he falls down, then his shoes fly out of the pit. As Coco, she falls down, then her shoes and laptop fly out of pit.
 * TNT - Blows Crash up leaving behind his shoes, nose, and eyeballs. As Coco, she blows up leaving behind her shoes and laptop.
 * Nitro* - Crash turns into an angel playing a didgeridoo.
 * Fire (Torches, steam pipes, lava pool, flamethrower, fire seed, futre lasers & final boss)* - Crash turns into ashes, then disintegrates.
 * Electric Hazards - Crash gets shocked and his skeleton and underwear are revealed, while Coco gets shocked and her skeleton is revealed.
 * Crushing Hazard - Crash gets crushed and only his feet and head are visible and he starts waddling in circles while Coco gets crushed, leaving only her laptop behind sparking.
 * Crushing Wall* - Crash is completely flattened horizontally and then wavers to the ground.
 * Boulder Crush - Crash/Coco gets run over by a boulder, as the boulder stops, it shows him/her flattened in a comical way.
 * Drowning - Crash falls into the water and drowns while Coco falls in and floats, looking annoyed at the player.
 * Venus Fly Trap - Eats Crash/Coco and chews him/her. After eating, the plant burps.
 * Man-Eating Plant - A man-eating plant eats and swallows Crash/Coco whole before burping out his/her shoes.

Crash Bandicoot Deaths

 * Toxic Waste - Crash/Coco falls into the waste with a splash.
 * Rolling Barrel* - The barrel squashes Crash, then he looks up and puts his head back down.
 * Hog Death 1* - Crash smacks into the totem before falling down.
 * Hog Death 2* - Crash and the boar trip launching Crash a certain distance before falling down twitching.
 * Cortex's Laser* - Crash explosively disintegrates (the same is used for future deaths in Warped)

Cortex Strikes Back Deaths

 * Whirlpool - Crash/Coco gets sucked in.
 * Water Hazard - If Crash/Coco collide with the mine or Nitro. The mine explodes causing Crash to fall in and float up to the surface on his back, while Coco falls in and floats up to the surface swimming.
 * Icy Water* - Crash falls in then comes out frozen like an ice cube with/without Polar on it (the latter only happens if Polar flung Crash into water).
 * Polar Death 1* - Crash smacks into the totem from behind before falling down.
 * Polar Death 2* - Crash and Polar trip, launching Crash a certain distance before falling down twitching.
 * Orca* - Crash turns into an angel carrying Polar.
 * Hammer Lab Assistant - The Hammer Lab Assistant pounds Crash/Coco either on or burrowing under the ground leaving behind his/her grave. This also happens if they touch a Nitro crate while burrowing.
 * Bee*- If a bee touches Crash, he will get stung, jump up in the air in shock, and suddenly start to swell until his head is large.
 * Shrink Ray - If Crash/Coco get hit by a shrink ray projectile, they will slowly shrink down into nothing while confused as to what's going on.
 * Jet Pack Hazards* - Crash explodes, leaving his jet pack and goggles behind.
 * Cortex Escapes* - Crash stops moving and Cortex laughs.

Warped Deaths

 * Goat - The goat headbutts Crash/Coco or kicks him/her straight up into the air.
 * Frog - The frog jumps on Crash/Coco and kisses them. The frog later turns into a prince Lab Assistant. Crash faints after the kiss while Coco covers her mouth shaking her head in disgust.
 * Knight Lab Assistant* - Crash jumps to evade the blade, but is cut in half through his waist. He then crosses his arms, annoyed, then his torso falls down.
 * Wizard Lab Assistant - The wizard's spell turns Crash/Coco into a frog.
 * Giant Lab Assistant - Crash/Coco files into the screen head first then slowly falls down rubbing his/her face against the camera.
 * Scuba Hazard* - Any explosive will cause Crash to explode, leaving his scuba gear behind.
 * Whirlpool* - Crash is sucked down into the drain.
 * Pufferfish*- Crash gets inflated.
 * Shark - A shark eats and swallows Crash whole before burping out his scuba gear. As Coco, the shark eats and swallows Coco whole before burping out her jet ski.
 * Eel* - The eel grabs and pulls Crash into his cave, then eats him but not before having trouble pulling Crash into the cave.
 * Lions* - The lions eat and swallow Crash whole while Tiny Tiger roars. The lion then turns, burps, and pats its stomach while the other lions watch.
 * Triceratops* - In the prehistoric levels, if caught by the triceratops it will stomp Crash flat.
 * Pterodactyls - In the prehistoric levels, the pterodactyl with grab Crash's hands with its claws and will fly off with him, or grab Coco's hair with its claws and will fly off with her.
 * Lava - In the prehistoric levels, falling in lava will burn Crash/Coco's backside and he/she will bounce around screaming.
 * Swamp Assistant - In the prehistoric levels, if attacked by the aquatic Lab Assistants they'll drag Crash/Coco underwater.
 * Bandifish - The Bandifish eats Crash or Coco.
 * Arabian Swordsman* (Stage 7) - Crash's pants fall apart, revealing his pink underwear. The swordsman laughs as Crash slinks away in shame and embarrassment.
 * Arabian Swordsman* (Stage 13) - Crash's pants do not fall apart. Crash simply dies, and turns into an angel.
 * Jar Monkey - In the Arabian levels, if Crash/Coco bumps into a Monkey carrying a stack of jars, most of them will break, but one will fall on Crash/Coco and trap him/her, toppling him/her over with his/her feet hanging up with the monkey laughing and clapping its hands.
 * Genie - Crash/Coco floats into the air spinning and smiling while the genie traps him/her into a jar.
 * Wall Trap - In the Egyptian levels, if Crash/Coco approaches the sunlight, the walls will shoot tranquilizer darts at him/her, leaving him/her paralyzed and causing him/her to fall forward.
 * Sarcophagus - The sarcophagus spins around and crushes Crash/Coco flat along with the sound of the mummy growling.
 * Spears - The spears emerge from the ground and poke Crash/Coco while standing over them, send him/her flying to the roof. Crash grips the roof shaking violently and his teeth chattering, while Coco grips the roof tightly with one hand while holding her laptop.
 * Water Pit - Crash/Coco will drown in the water.
 * Spikes* - Crash deflates like a balloon and flies across the screen.
 * Mummy - The mummy grabs Crash/Coco and shakes him/her violently while growling until he/she faints.
 * UFO - The UFO captures Crash/Coco and he/she will spin around as they get pulled in by a tractor beam.
 * Future-themed Hazards (N.Tropy's clocks/laser, drone, UFO)* - Crash disintegrates.
 * Oriental Deaths* - Coco flies off Pura and lands while dizzy. Pura then falls from the sky and into Coco's lap, then proceeds to lick Coco affectionately.
 * Jet Ski Hazards* - Coco's jet ski explodes, leaving her in the water while glaring at the player.
 * Jet Ski Hazards (Alternate)* - Coco will be knocked off her jet ski and be flung into the water.
 * Pirate Sailor* - Both the pirate's wooden boat and Coco's jet ski will be destroyed, leaving Coco and the pirate stranded in the water. The pirate will whack Coco into the water with his oar.
 * Seagull* - Coco gets close to the seagull, her jet ski submerges and the seagull starts pecking her and messing up her hair.

Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

 * Most Enemies and Hazards - Crash/Coco/Tawna turns into a glowing light blue angel and flies upwards. In Cortex's variant, he instead turns into a glowing red demon and crosses his arms before flying away.
 * Fire Hazards - Crash/Coco turns into ashes and disintegrates.
 * Icy Water - Crash falls into the water and quickly floats back up to the surface, frozen into a giant ice cube.
 * Electric Hazards - Crash/Coco/Tawna is electrocuted, revealing his/her skeleton.
 * Pipe-smoking Zombie - The zombie raises Crash/Coco over his head, snaps his/her back, then tosses him/her to the ground.
 * Wheel Zombie - The zombie crushes Crash/Coco underneath the wheel he's wearing, seemingly impaling Crash/Coco.
 * Cannonball - The cannonball hits Tawna/Coco, making her fall to the ground.
 * Garbage Robot - The robot picks up Tawna/Coco with its mechanical arm and tosses her into its bin.
 * Pirate Eel - The pirate eel grabs Tawna/Coco with its mouth and swallows her whole.
 * Stinkbomb Native - Once hit, Coco will twist in all kinds of ways before dropping on the ground.
 * Hammer Native - The native slams his hammer on Coco's foot, making her hop around in pain. He then slams the hammer on her head, splating her on the ground.
 * Spikeboard - Crash/Coco will be impaled on the board in a splat position. Coco will eventually droop down.
 * Crazy Mechanic - He will drag Coco by the foot to the ground, then leap and beat her up, standing over an unconscious Coco afterwards.
 * Rocket Flyer - On impact with his bomb, Crash/Coco will explode without any trace.

Trivia

 * When Crash is blown up by a TNT crate in Crash Bandicoot, sound effects of his body parts hitting the ground can be heard. These SFX are absent in Cortex Strikes Back and Warped.
 * The sound of a didgeridoo used during the animation for Crash's Nitro Crate death in Cortex Strikes Back and Warped is the same sample used in the soundtrack for Boulders and Boulder Dash in Crash Bandicoot.
 * In Cortex Strikes Back and Warped, when Crash is killed by a fire hazard, his model from the first game is reused for the disintegration animation as opposed to the current model.
 * On the NTSC-U version of Warped, Crash's "Woah!" sound effect is missing for certain deaths, such as death by goat, being caught by the triceratops, being carried away by pterodactyls and others. This was fixed in the PAL and NTSC-J versions.